فایده گرایی درآمدی خیلی کوتاه فارسی 1399

Utilitarianism has always had opponents. Karl Marx mockingly called Bentham a "genius in bourgeois stupidity," and Friedrich Nietzsche disparagingly referred to utilitarianism—along with Christianity—as a "slave morality" for "cowards, cowards, and cowards." Among the novelists, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Gaskell, and Aldous Huxley have included their opposition to utilitarianism in their stories. Bernard Williams, a contemporary British philosopher, concluded a long and detailed attack on utilitarianism by emphasizing: "The day when we hear nothing of utilitarianism cannot be so late." It is now more than forty years since Williams said this, but we still hear a lot about utilitarianism... We hope that with this book you will gain a better understanding of utilitarianism: how it can be justified, and what is intrinsically valuable in utilitarianism. What are the most common objections to utilitarianism (and the best answers to these objections), what role do laws play for utilitarians, and what is the application of utilitarianism in today's practical issues?