Farhangnāmah-yi Islām: Persian 1397

The Encyclopedia of Islam or THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM is considered to be one of the most reliable sources of documents in the world, since 1915, different editions have been published in English, French, and German, and it is always used by researchers in different fields. It has been the historical, religious, and cultural world of Islam. This work is a detailed encyclopedia compiled in the field of Islam, Islamic culture, and Muslim civilization and published in Leiden, Holland. The first edition of this work had 9000 articles, which were published simultaneously in three languages, English, French, and German, during the years 1936-1913. All the authors of these articles were European and non-Muslim orientalists. A summary of that edition was published in 1953 as a summary of the Encyclopedia of Islam. Since some of the articles in the first edition were very solid and fruitful, and many first-hand sources were used in their writing, they are still valid, and although the second edition of this great work was also published later, it is still the preference of researchers to refer to it. The articles are the first edition. The second edition of the Encyclopedia of Islam was only in English and French and it took more than 40 years (from 1954 to 2002) to compile it. The authors of the articles in the second edition of this work were a combination of European and American, Iranian, Arab, Turkish, Indian, and Pakistani orientalists. Professional Iranian researchers have also benefited from this huge work, which has been compiled in several large volumes. The foreign language of this work and its specialized text, along with its encyclopedic nature and authority, have made interested and non-specialist audiences unable to benefit from this work. For this reason, the publisher of this multi-volume work decided to compile a summary of the entries of this encyclopedia in a concise and easy-to-use format for everyone and publish it in the form of a compact volume with about 3500 entries, and this task is entrusted to one of Its prominent editors are Amri Van Donzel. The present book is the translation of this condensed and condensed work from the Encyclopedia of Islam, which was published in the form of a handy documentary book for researchers in the field of Islam under the title ISLAMIC DESK REFERENCE by Brill Institute in 1994.