Yādmān-i Chāldirān: Persiska (Farsi) 1403

The Battle of Chaldean was a war fought between Shah Ismail I (Safavid King) and Sultan Selim I (Ottoman Emperor) in 1514, which ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over Safavid Persia. As a result of the war, the Ottoman Empire annexed eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq, the city of Diyarbakir, and Lake Van from Safavid Persia. This was the first Ottoman conquest of eastern Anatolia and a long pause in Safavid expansion into the western lands. The Battle of Chaldean marked the beginning of 41 years of devastating warfare that only ended in 1555 with the Treaty of Amasya. Although Mesopotamia and eastern Anatolia were later regained under Shah Abbas the Great (reigned 1588–1629), these lands were permanently ceded to the Ottomans by the Treaty of Zahab in 1639. In this battle, the Ottomans had a larger and better-equipped army of 60,000 to 100,000 men and hundreds of cannons, while the Safavid army was about 40,000 to 80,000 men and had no artillery. Ismail I, the first Safavid Shah, was wounded and nearly captured during the battle. His wives were captured by the Ottoman Sultan Selim I, who married at least one of them to one of his statesmen. After this defeat, Ismail secluded himself in his palace, gave up governing, and no longer participated in military campaigns. After the victory, the Ottoman forces invaded Iran, briefly occupying the Safavid capital, Tabriz, and completely plundering the Iranian imperial treasury. This battle became one of the most important battles in Iranian history; Because it not only questioned the belief that the perfect master was immune from any error or calamity, but also forced the Kurdish leaders to emphasize their authority and pledge allegiance to the Ottoman government instead of the Safavids. This, in the future, led to the loss of Iran's western borders.