Vāqi'garāyī dar 'Ilm: Persiska (Farsi) 1398

The opposition to scientific realism is based on three aspects: ontology, epistemology, and semantics. Opposition from the ontological aspect means that this group of anti-realists deny the existence of identities and unobservable parts of me. Claiming that theories are realistic becomes meaningless. Another group of anti-realists, due to their epistemological foundations which are mainly based on empiricism, consider escaping from the limits of sense and experience to be outside the scope of the possibility of obtaining knowledge. This group is ignorant of the existence of unobservable parts of the universe and they consider any claims about these parts unjustified. Although the second group has a milder position than the first group, they are still in conflict with scientific realism. However, the opposition to realism is from the semantic aspect by denying the truth and correctness of theories and propositions, or by denying the same meaning of words in different theories. In any case, the conflict between realists and scientific realists is based on two types of historical and philosophical arguments. The present book challenges two types of historical and philosophical arguments against realism and by evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the arguments of both sides of the conflict, It has been concluded that the position of scientific realism is more defensible.