Hakhāmanshiyān va satrāpī-yi Miṣr: Az shakl-gīrī tā furūpāshī Persiska (Farsi) 2026

The long and complex history of ancient Egyptian civilization, like that of other civilizations throughout the world, was marked by periods of both prosperity and decline. Despite their remarkable cultural achievements and impressive military victories over thousands of years, the ancient Egyptians repeatedly faced invasions and occupations by neighboring peoples, including both established civilizations and nomadic groups such as the Hyksos, Libyans, Kushites, Assyrians, and Persians.

However, until the Persian conquest, the Egyptians had always managed to resist foreign domination, fight for the liberation of their land, and eventually regain their lost independence.

This book examines how, during the period of Achaemenid Persian rule, Egypt entered a new historical condition in which it gradually lost the ability to successfully resist foreign powers. From that time onward, the country remained under the rule of successive outside powers, including the Greeks, Romans, Arabs, and ultimately the Turks. Egypt would not regain its independence for more than twenty-three centuries, until the military coup led by officers such as Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser restored Egyptian sovereignty in the twentieth century.