Shī'ayān dar Jahān-i 'Arab-i Mudirn ('Arabistān-i Sa'udī): Persiska (Farsi) 1387

The above book tries to study and analyze the evolution of the political and intellectual issues of the Shia opposition group living in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia since 1975. This study also emphasizes the Shia religious opposition (Islamic Revolution Organization, or the Reform Movement) that was founded in 1975. This book is arranged in seven chapters. The first chapter titled "Shiites in the Eastern Province under Saudi rule" deals with the general analysis of the political, economic, geographical and demographic influences of Shiites. This chapter also examines the government's discriminatory policies against Shia communities. Therefore, the first chapter presents the complexities of Shia relations with the Saudi government during the past two hundred years, which of course also emphasizes the contemporary era. The second chapter is related to Shiite identity in Eastern province. In this chapter, the author talks about how identity is formed and the causes and factors of identity creation. Also, the author is trying to investigate how Shiites prefer some over others among their different identities, and more importantly, what are the tendencies against the government among Shiites? In the third chapter entitled "Emergence of the Shiite Islamic Movement (1960-1979)", it emphasizes the political and intellectual atmosphere in which MVM grew and started its organizational activities, its goals and literature. In this chapter, primary and fundamental symbols such as the Islamic Ummah, the establishment of Sharia laws and the Islamic state, jihad and social protest, Islam and ignorance, etc., which are generally discussed in Islamic movements, have been examined and studied. The fourth chapter, under the title "Revolutionary Decade" (1979-1989), explains the characteristics, discourses and goals of the leaders of the Shiite movement in the Eastern Province in November 1979. The Intifada movement is considered a fundamental change in the Shiite opposition and its effect on the intellectual flow and classification of this opposition is very important. The fifth chapter under the title "From revolutionary options to reformist options (1989-1993)" presents the issues that initially occurred with the transformation of the discourse to the amendment in 1990. In this chapter, it has been tried to have an opinion on the strategy and discourse of the amendment. The sixth chapter titled "1993 Treaty" presents a detailed study of the treaty between the Saudi government and the leaders of the reform movement, which was concluded in September 1993. The first question that is answered in this chapter is whether these talks were legal from the religious point of view of the Shiites. What were the terms and results of the agreement and how did the Shiites and the national government react to the successes and failures of this agreement? Also, in this chapter, the motivations of the Saudi government for opening a direct dialogue with the Shiite opposition are explained. And finally, what were the results and promises of it. Did the Saawi government remain committed to its promises to the leaders of the amendment and how the leaders of the amendment viewed their negotiations with the government. The seventh chapter presents a central idea; It means compromise and complete trends since 1993. In this chapter, the author has examined how the reform movement balanced its political and intellectual discourse after returning to the country and how the Saudi government responded to their fundamental demands. Also, in this chapter, a comparison of the strategies of the Saudi government against the Shiites and other groups, both religious and secular, has been discussed in order to determine how the government deals with its internal rivals and whether the government uses a single method against its fellow groups. Regardless of the region, whether it adopts ethnic and religious orientation, it acts differently.