Qurūn Vusṭā-yi Pasīn (Majmū'ah-yi Tārīkh-i Jahān): Persian 1402

The Late Middle Ages or Late Middle Ages was a period of European history that lasted from 1300 to 1500 AD. The Late Middle Ages was after the High Middle Ages and before the beginning of the early modern period (and in much of Europe, the Renaissance). Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe stopped. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315-1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to about half of its pre-disaster population. Along with population decline, social unrest and native wars occurred. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings such as Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as more than a century of intermittent conflict, the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was temporarily shattered by Western schisms. Collectively, those events are sometimes called the Late Medieval Crisis. Despite the crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. After the renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The assimilation of Latin texts began before the 12th-century Renaissance through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts was accelerated by the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars were forced to take refuge there. .