Taqābul-i Kār va Sarmāyah, az "Komun-i Pārīs" tā Shūrā'hā-yi Inqilāb (Jild-i Chahārum: Kand'va'kāv dar Junbish-i "Shawrāyī" – Shawrā'hā-yi Inqilābī-yi Rūsīyah az 1905 tā 1918 – Junbish-i Shawrāyī dar Ālmān, Ispānīyā, Ingilīs, Ītālīyā, Majāristān, va Īrān): Persiska (Farsi) 2025

This research work offers a historical and theoretical analysis of the fundamental conflict between labor and capital through the lens of councilist movements in the 20th century. Beginning with the Paris Commune (1871) as the first experiment in council democracy, it traces the evolution of workers’ councils in Russia (1905–1918), Germany (1919), Spain (during the Civil War), England, Italy, Hungary, and Iran. The book examines the structure of councils, their role in organizing production, direct worker participation, and their critique of bourgeois statehood. It also explores the tensions between spontaneous councils and party-led institutions, and the ideological debates among Marxism, anarchism, and council communism. This work reconsiders historical experiences of class resistance and the possibilities of direct democracy against the logic of capital.