Majmūah-yi falsafah-yi Istanfurd (2) Falsafah va Masā'il-i Zindigī: Persiska (Farsi) 1402

"Philosophy and Life Issues" is the title of the second collection of encyclopedias that have been published this time in the form of "Stanford Philosophy Encyclopaedia 2". If you open a biology textbook, you will find a definition of life; This definition is usually applied as a list of properties of organisms, various components of their interactions, or their history. Often these definitions will be nothing more than descriptive or based on more controversial theoretical commitments. As with many fundamental concepts, it is difficult to define life without controversy. Most people avoid this by ignoring marginal cases, accepting that borderline cases are vague, or dropping the issue altogether. Nevertheless, there are many people whose work seems to require a precise demarcation of life, especially in new scientific fields, such as astrobiology, the origins of life, or synthetic biology. As such, the nature of "philosophy and issues of life" remains a hotly debated topic. Historically, when philosophers and scientists define a concept, the goal is to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for its understanding. These theoretical definitions (also called real, ideal, or philosophical definitions) are often impractical or fragile because they can be challenged by an imaginary counterexample. Similarly, for any definition of life, it is possible to show living things that fall outside the definition or are considered non-living. In "Stanford Philosophy Encyclopedia 2", he presents various theoretical definitions of "philosophy and life issues" and scrutinizes them from different aspects. This book, which is the second volume of this valuable project, has been translated and edited in Farsi under the supervision of "Masoud Ulia".