Tavānā buvad har kah dānā buvad: Persiska (Farsi) 1401

There is no doubt about the growing role of the middle class in Iran from the 1290s to the 1340s, and with all this, the formation of this class was neither inevitable nor fateful. Several factors should be considered in order to obtain a complete narrative of the rise of this group in this period and its descent in the following periods. The change in Iran's international conditions and the change of monarchy at the beginning of the 14th century turned the country's scientific elite into the main agents of the social and cultural production of the new government. The elites considered the change of the country's deplorable conditions to be dependent on reforms that modern science was the key to unlocking. Therefore, science became both a strategic tool in shaping modern Iranian society and an important element in the developing discourse of nationalism. The claim of the present book is that the formation and influence of the middle class are due to the success that this social group achieved in guiding these two functions for science and at the same time its success in gathering economic capital that, by supplementing its cultural capital, provided its independence from the government. And... The book was powerful, whoever was wise