منطق یا فن اندیشیدن فارسی 1401

"Logic or the art of thinking" has been chosen by researchers as an important and cultural work. This book is considered a part of the knowledge of civilization. This work is in the public domain in the United States and possibly other countries. In the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) owns the copyright to the body of the work. Antoine Arnauld and Pierre Nicole were philosophers and theologians associated with Port-Royal Abbey, the center of the Jansenist Catholic movement in 17th-century France. Their highly influential Logic or the Art of Thinking, which ran into five editions during his lifetime, addresses issues in logic, language, theory of knowledge, and metaphysics. And also examines the "heretical" Jansenist Catholic response to orthodox Catholic and Protestant views on grace and free will. Antoine Arnold, the main representative of Catholic theology in the Augustinian reform movement known as Jansenism, was one of the most important and influential authors of the 17th century in the field of metaphysics and epistemology. He was born in Paris in 1612 into a wealthy family and studied at the Sorbonne, where he entered the priesthood and received a doctorate in theology in 164. He was invited to contribute objections to Descartes on Meditations on First Philosophy (1641). For the first time, he raised the issue of the "Cartesian Circle". But Arnold was greatly influenced by the Cartesian system and defended the essentially Cartesian position in his philosophical works as well as in later controversies with Malebranche and Leibniz. Arnold's most important philosophical work was The Art of Thinking (1662), in which he collaborated with Pierre Nicolet. By formulating the Cartesian theory about clear and specific ideas, an attempt was made to modify the theory of logic by using the basis of the Cartesian rule instead of the previous analysis of Aristotle. Arnaud's Treatise on True and False Ideas (1683) defended the representational theory of perception against Malbransch's view that the immediate objects of human thought are ideas in the mind of God. Several years later, in his correspondence, Arnold questioned Leibniz about the latter's discourse on metaphysics, arguing that Leibniz's complete theory of individual concepts was committed to an objectionable form of determinism. Arndodo died in exile in Brussels in 1694.