Li'upuld Fun Rānkah (Tārīkh'nigārī, Ravish va Pārādāym): Persian 1403

The thoughts of Leopold von Ranke, a German thinker of the 19th century, played an important role in the developments in historiography and historiography of this century. Ranke's efforts and five decades of professional training in the science of history trained the first generation of professional historians and established a methodological paradigm in writing history. Ranke's paradigm became a common model for historiography in Germany, England, Ireland, the Netherlands, France, the United States, and Japan, and its consolidation and continuation led to the specialized training of historians, the growth of scientific and methodological historiography, the establishment of university chairs in history, and the publication of specialized journals. Focusing on documentary and archival research, training public archivists, and paying attention to oral history were important skill-building components of Ranke's paradigm. However, Ranke's paradigm rule, "the past as it happened," has given rise to many interpretations and misunderstandings, including whether Ranke was a positivist historian and sought to write positivist history without considering the historical possibility of his rule.