Bunyān'guẕārī barāy-i mābu'd al-ṭabī'ah akhlāq: Persian 1400

Foundation for the Metaphysics of ethics is one of the most profound and important works in the field of practical philosophy (ethics) and Kant's first post-critical work in this field. In the philosophy of ethics, this work is placed in the same line as Aristotle's Ethics of Nicomachus. For the first time in this work, Kant explains and elaborates on the principle of self-legislation (self-regulation) of the will, the principle of which is that moral duties are imposed on the human being by (pure reason) and can be unconditionally binding only to the extent that they are so. From Kant's point of view, all the other moral theories agree on the assumption that the basis of moral duties should be considered the object or relative of the will (the good thing, under the various and conflicting interpretations of it), instead of the will itself, which is Kant's dictionary interprets it as different legislation (different ritual). Accordingly, as long as the subject of will is considered the basis of moral duties, it cannot be explained why moral duties are unconditionally binding. In other words, according to Kant, moral duty is a kind of unconditional command (order) that if we consider its basis to be the object or subject of the will, we have negated its unconditionality and made it conditional. Kant is looking for the most general (all-inclusive) moral principle for all finite rational beings, both human and non-human.