تقابل كار وسرمايه، از" كمون پاريس" تا شوراهاى انقلاب (جلد چهارم: كندوكاو در جنبش "شورايى شوراهاى انقلابى روسيه از ١٩٠٥ تا ١٩١٨ جنبش شورايى در آلمان، اسپانيا، انگليس، ايتاليا، مجارستان، و ايران) الفارسية 2025

This research work offers a historical and theoretical analysis of the fundamental conflict between labor and capital through the lens of councilist movements in the 20th century. Beginning with the Paris Commune (1871) as the first experiment in council democracy, it traces the evolution of workers’ councils in Russia (1905–1918), Germany (1919), Spain (during the Civil War), England, Italy, Hungary, and Iran. The book examines the structure of councils, their role in organizing production, direct worker participation, and their critique of bourgeois statehood. It also explores the tensions between spontaneous councils and party-led institutions, and the ideological debates among Marxism, anarchism, and council communism. This work reconsiders historical experiences of class resistance and the possibilities of direct democracy against the logic of capital.