تقابل کار و سرمایه: جلد چهارم: از «کمون پاریس» تا شوراهای انقلاب الفارسية 1447

The Confrontation Between Labor and Capital, Volume IV, written by Ali Azad, traces the historical experiences of council movements from the Paris Commune to the revolutionary councils of the twentieth century. The volume offers a research-based inquiry into the concept and function of the “council” as a form of independent organization for workers and laboring classes—one that, at critical historical junctures, has emerged as an alternative to capitalist and bureaucratic power structures.

The book devotes particular attention to the Russian revolutionary councils from 1905 to 1918 and then examines council movements in countries such as Germany, Spain, England, Italy, Hungary, and Iran. Through analytical and comparative perspectives, the author investigates the conditions that gave rise to these movements, their trajectories of ascent and decline, their achievements and defeats, and their relationship to questions of political power, self-management, and class organization.

This volume serves as a documented and thought-provoking resource for scholars of social movements, labor activists, and readers interested in councilist theory. It seeks to demonstrate that the experience of councils is not merely a historical episode, but an integral part of the enduring struggle between labor and capital in the pursuit of an alternative social order.